



Urban informatics refers to the study of people creating, applying and using information and communication technology and data in the…

Urban planning (also called city planning or town planning in some contexts) is the process of developing and designing land…

Urban science is an interdisciplinary field that studies diverse urban issues and problems. Based on research findings of various disciplines…

Cartography () is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on…

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in…

A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize…

Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer…

A large language model (LLM) is a language model trained with self-supervised machine learning on a vast amount of text,…

In machine learning, deep learning focuses on utilizing multilayered neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation…